What was the Columbian Exchange?

The Columbian Exchange refers to the significant transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World, particularly Europe, after Christopher Columbus's voyages in the late 15th century. This exchange drastically reshaped the societies, economies, and environments of both worlds. For instance, crops like maize, potatoes, and tomatoes were introduced to Europe, while horses, cattle, and various diseases were brought to the Americas. This led to profound consequences, including the transformation of agricultural practices, dietary changes, and demographic shifts due to disease and migration.

The other options represent different historical concepts that do not define the Columbian Exchange. Trade agreements and treaties focus on specific legal arrangements between nations, while explorations by the Vikings pertain to earlier voyages, long before Columbus. Thus, when looking for the definition of the Columbian Exchange, the second option accurately encapsulates its wide-ranging impact on global history.